Cyber-Physical Systems in Healthcare: Design, Interoperability and Security Challenges
Emmanuel Nkansah1, Micheal Abimbola Oladosu2, Moses Adondua Abah3, Olaide Ayokunmi Oladosu4
1Emmanuel Nkansah, Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance, School of Business, La Sierra University, Riverside, United States.
2Micheal Abimbola Oladosu, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Anchor University, Ayobo, Ipaja, Lagos, Nigeria.
3Moses Adondua Abah, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Wukari, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria.
4Olaide Ayokunmi Oladosu, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.
Manuscript received on 12 June 2026 | First Revised Manuscript received on 23 June 2026 | Second Revised Manuscript received on 28 June 2026 | Manuscript Accepted on 15 July 2026 | Manuscript published on 30 July 2026 | PP: 1-7 | Volume-6 Issue-5 July 2026 | Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijpmh.E116106050726 | DOI: 10.54105/ijpmh.E1161.06050726
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© The Authors. Published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP). This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), a combination of embedded computing, communication networks, and physical processes, are increasingly reshaping clinical practice, pharmaceutical supply chains, and hospital infrastructure. This review covers key principles of Medical CPS design; major interoperability frameworks such as FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources), IEEE 11073, and DICOM; and critical cybersecurity risks that threaten patient safety and data integrity, including ransomware, man-in-the-middle, denial-ofservice, and data injection attacks. A review of the literature from 2020 to the present (2025) shows that architectural fragmentation has continued, that there is a lack of harmonised security-bydesign standards, and that there is a lack of regulatory guidance on real-time MCPS deployments. Some promising mitigation strategies, such as blockchain-based trust frameworks, AIpowered intrusion detection, and digital twin validation, are introduced. The paper’s conclusion recommends a research agenda for interoperability protocols, context-aware security models, and international regulatory convergence as essential factors for implementing safe and scalable MCPS.
Keywords: Cyber-Physical Systems, Medical IoT, Interoperability, Cybersecurity, FHIR, Blockchain, Healthcare.
Scope of the Article: Health Care Management